![]() 51,64 Yet it is impossible to predict, and impractical to test experimentally, which of the currently ‘non-pathogenic’ MCFVs are likely to cause disease. The disease affects a formidable number of artiodactyl species (>150), many in captive or semi-captive situations. Not all MCFVs have been shown to cause MCF. The growing number of gammaherpesviruses in the MCFV group presents a challenge to diagnosticians and researchers. These include expansion of the MCF virus (MCFV) group, current diagnostic assays, recognition of additional susceptible species, MCF in pigs, an MCF-like syndrome in sheep, current thoughts about pathogenesis, and prospects for an effective vaccine. 159 In a failed effort at brevity, we underscore more recent developments about MCF. 42,122 Although published almost 30 years ago, a chapter written by Dr Walter Plowright remains insightful and comprehensive. 4,9,175,183 Some of the older literature addresses MCF before the 1900s. Several excellent reviews of MCF exist, not least two previous iterations of this chapter. They may involve stressful conditions or unusual management practices, such as penning cattle or bison near or with sheep for extended periods. 150,163,167 On occasion, large numbers of animals are affected. 156,195,196 Generally MCF is a sporadic, low morbidity, high mortality disease. 223 This is accompanied by profuse mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge and, in some cases, signs of meningoencephalitis. Bilateral panophthalmitis and keratoconjunctivitis are common and diagnostically helpful, with progressively worsening ocular signs in fatal cases. Animals present with fever and severe inflammation of the alimentary and upper respiratory tracts. Clinical signs in most affected animals are severe and characteristic. 68,88,142 The most typical presentation of MCF is acute disease with a fatal outcome. Major clinical forms are peracute (i.e., few overt signs prior to death), acute, chronic or mild. The clinical course of MCF in individual animals varies. 138,193,212 There is, however, no reason to regard it as a population-limiting disease of wild North American ungulates. 1 Published reports of the occurrence and impact of MCF in free-ranging wildlife are limited and it is likely the disease is underdiagnosed. 23,99,109,162,169,145 Malignant catarrhal fever also affects domestic pigs. Some wildlife species are now used as captive wildlife to produce meat on farms and ranches, such as bison in North America and venison from red deer ( Cervus elaphus) in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. bonatus respectively), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) and certain captive and farmed antelope. Affected species are primarily ruminants, including multiple species of deer, American and European bison (Bison bison and B. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a disseminated and generally fatal viral disease of domestic cattle and wildlife. H LI - Microbiologist, DVM, MS, PhD, Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Washington State University, 3019 ADBF, 405 Bustad Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA Introduction Previous authors: H W REID AND M VAN VUURENĭ O’TOOLE- Professor, MVB, PhD, Dip ECVP, FRC Path, Department of Veterinary Sciences, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming, 82070, USA Malignant catarrhal fever Summary Full text ![]()
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